General Information

  • ID:  hor002389
  • Uniprot ID:  Q9UBU3
  • Protein name:  Ghrelins-28
  • Gene name:  GHRL
  • Organism:  Homo sapiens (Human)
  • Family:  Motilin family
  • Source:  Human
  • Expression:  Highest level in stomach. All forms are found in serum as well. Other tissues compensate for the loss of ghrelin synthesis in the stomach following gastrectomy.
  • Disease:  Diseases associated with GHRL include Body Mass Index Quantitative Trait Locus 11 and Bulimia Nervosa.
  • Comments:  NA
  • Taxonomy:  Homo (genus), Homininae (subfamily), Hominidae (family), Hominoidea (superfamily), Catarrhini (parvorder), Simiiformes (infraorder), Haplorrhini (suborder), Primates (order), Euarchontoglires (superorder), Boreoeutheria, Eutheria, Theria, Mammalia (class), Amniota, Tetrapoda, Dipnotetrapodomorpha, Sarcopterygii (superclass), Euteleostomi, Teleostomi, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, Craniata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum), Deuterostomia, Bilateria, Eumetazoa, Metazoa (kingdom), Opisthokonta, Eukaryota (superkingdom), cellular organisms
  • GO MF:  GO:0001664 G protein-coupled receptor binding; GO:0005179 hormone activity; GO:0005515 protein binding; GO:0016608 growth hormone-releasing hormone activity; GO:0030296 protein tyrosine kinase activator activity; GO:0031768 ghrelin receptor binding
  • GO BP:  GO:0001696 gastric acid secretion; GO:0001937 negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; GO:0006006 glucose metabolic process; GO:0007186 G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; GO:0007204 positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration; GO:0007416 synapse assembly; GO:0008154 actin polymerization or depolymerization; GO:0008343 adult feeding behavior; GO:0009725 response to hormone; GO:0009755 hormone-mediated signaling pathway; GO:0016358 dendrite development; GO:0016525 negative regulation of angiogenesis; GO:0030252 growth hormone secretion; GO:0031667 response to nutrient levels; GO:0032024 positive regulation of insulin secretion; GO:0032095 regulation of response to food; GO:0032097 positive regulation of response to food; GO:0032100 positive regulation of appetite; GO:0032691 negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production; GO:0032715 negative regulation of interleukin-6 production; GO:0032720 negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production; GO:0035774 positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus; GO:0040010 positive regulation of growth rate; GO:0040013 negative regulation of locomotion; GO:0040018 positive regulation of multicellular organism growth; GO:0042127 regulation of cell population proliferation; GO:0042322 negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep; GO:0043066 negative regulation of apoptotic process; GO:0043400 cortisol secretion; GO:0043410 positive regulation of MAPK cascade; GO:0043627 response to estrogen; GO:0045927 positive regulation of growth; GO:0046010 positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep; GO:0046676 negative regulation of insulin secretion; GO:0046697 decidualization; GO:0050728 negative regulation of inflammatory response; GO:0051216 cartilage development; GO:0051461 positive regulation of
  • GO CC:  GO:0005576 extracellular region; GO:0005615 extracellular space; GO:0005737 cytoplasm; GO:0005788 endoplasmic reticulum lumen; GO:0030424 axon; GO:0034774 secretory granule lumen; GO:0098685 Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse; GO:0098794 postsynapse; GO:0098978 glutamatergic synapse

Sequence Information

  • Sequence:  GSSFLSPEHQRVQQRKESKKPPAKLQPR
  • Length:  28
  • Propeptide:  MPSPGTVCSLLLLGMLWLDLAMAGSSFLSPEHQRVQQRKESKKPPAKLQPRALAGWLRPEDGGQAEGAEDELEVRFNAPFDVGIKLSGVQYQQHSQALGKFLQDILWEEAKEAPADK
  • Signal peptide:  MPSPGTVCSLLLLGMLWLDLAMA
  • Modification:  NA
  • Glycosylation:  NA
  • Mutagenesis:  NA

Activity

  • Function:  Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation.
  • Mechanism:  NA
  • Cross BBB:  YES
  • Target:  GHSR
  • Target Unid:  Q92847
  • IC50: NA
  • EC50: induced increases in Ca2+:Ghrelin:2.8*10(-9)M;decanoyl ghrelin:2.5*10(-9)M
  • ED50: NA
  • kd: NA
  • Half life: 21±3.0 minutes; /1260 seconds ( PubMed ID: 18697865 )

Structure

  • Disulfide bond:  NA
  • Structure ID:  AF-P55089-F1(AlphaFold_DB_ID)

  • Structure: (PDB_ID-from https://www.rcsb.org/; AlphaFold_DB_ID-from https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/; hordbxxxxxx_AF2.pdb was predicted structure by AlphaFold2; hordbxxxxxx_ESM.pdb was predicted structure by ESMFold)
    •    AF-P55089-F1.pdbhor002389_AF2.pdbhor002389_ESM.pdb

Physical Information

Mass: 372645 Formula: C141H235N47O41
Absent amino acids: CDIMNTWY Common amino acids: KPQS
pI: 11.72 Basic residues: 8
Polar residues: 5 Hydrophobic residues: 5
Hydrophobicity: -167.5 Boman Index: -10139
Half-Life: 30 hour Half-Life Yeast: >20 hour
Half-Life E.Coli: >10 hour Aliphatic Index 41.79
Instability Index: 7334.64 Extinction Coefficient cystines: 0
Absorbance 280nm: 0

Literature

  • PubMed ID:  12414809##18697865
  • Title:  Structural Divergence of Human Ghrelin. Identification of Multiple Ghrelin-Derived Molecules Produced by Post-Translational Processing